Energy harvesting technologies are becoming increasingly important as industries explore alternatives to conventional power sources for autonomous and low-power electronic systems. From powering distributed sensors and wearable devices to enabling self-sustaining monitoring systems, energy harvesting approaches are expanding across multiple technological domains.
However, the energy harvesting landscape is highly fragmented. Different mechanisms including piezoelectric, thermoelectric, solar, electromagnetic, radio frequency, geothermal, capacitive and mechanical vibration-based harvesting have evolved independently across research communities and industrial applications. This diversity creates challenges in understanding technology maturity, innovation trends and areas of active development.